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http://schema.org/name Premio Award
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Fecha de fin: 01/01/1945
Relevancia: 142
Same As: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Florey
Descripción: Premio Nobel de Medicina
Imagen: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Howard%20Walter%20Florey%201945.jpg?width=200
Fecha de inicio: 01/01/1945
Descripción larga: Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey (24 September 1898 – 21 February 1968) was an Australian pharmacologist and pathologist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Sir Ernst Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming for his role in the development of penicillin.<br />Although Fleming received most of the credit for the discovery of penicillin, it was Florey and his team at the University of Oxford who developed techniques for growing, purifying, mass producing and manufacturing the drug, who determined how it worked, and who carried out the first clinical trials of penicillin. In 1941 they used it to treat the first patient, a police constable from Oxford. He started to recover, but subsequently died because Florey was unable, at that time, to make enough penicillin. It was Florey and Chain who made a useful and effective drug out of penicillin, after the task had been abandoned as too difficult.<br />Florey's discoveries are estimated to have saved over 200 million lives, and he is consequently regarded by the Australian scientific and medical community as one of its greatest figures. Sir Robert Menzies, Australia's longest-serving Prime Minister, said, "In terms of world well-being, Florey was the most important man ever born in Australia."
Identificador: Q137106
Nombre: Howard Florey
Descripción larga de wikipedia : Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey (24 September 1898 – 21 February 1968) was an Australian pharmacologist and pathologist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Sir Ernst Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming for his role in the development of penicillin.<br />Although Fleming received most of the credit for the discovery of penicillin, it was Florey and his team at the University of Oxford who developed techniques for growing, purifying, mass producing and manufacturing the drug, who determined how it worked, and who carried out the first clinical trials of penicillin. In 1941 they used it to treat the first patient, a police constable from Oxford. He started to recover, but subsequently died because Florey was unable, at that time, to make enough penicillin. It was Florey and Chain who made a useful and effective drug out of penicillin, after the task had been abandoned as too difficult.<br />Florey's discoveries are estimated to have saved over 200 million lives, and he is consequently regarded by the Australian scientific and medical community as one of its greatest figures. Sir Robert Menzies, Australia's longest-serving Prime Minister, said, "In terms of world well-being, Florey was the most important man ever born in Australia."<br /><br /><br />== Early life and education ==<br />Howard Walter Florey was born in Malvern, a southern suburb of Adelaide, South Australia, on 24 September 1898. His surname rhymes with "sorry". He was the only son of Joseph Florey, a bootmaker from Oxfordshire in England, who as a boy moved to London where Florey's grandfather established a bootmaking business. Joseph Florey's first wife was Charlotte Ames, with whom he had two daughters, Charlotte, who was born in 1880, and Anne, who was born in 1882. After his wife contracted pulmonary tuberculosis, the family emigrated to South Australia, where it was hoped that the climate would be more congenial. She slowly declined and died in April 1886. Joseph Florey established his own bootmaking business in Adelaide, and married Berth Mary Waldham, the daughter of his housekeeper. Their first child together, Hilda, was born in 1891. She later became a bacteriologist and a pioneer of laboratory medicine. A second daughter, Valetta, was born in 1892. Thus, Florey had two older sisters and two older half-sisters.In 1906, the family moved to Coreega, a mansion in the Adelaide suburb of Mitcham. Florey attended Unley Park School, a local private school, taking the two-mile (3.2 km) trip to school each day in a horse-drawn tram with Mollie Clampett, a friend who lived in the rectory adjacent to Coreega. At school he acquired the lifelong nickname "Floss", this being, like "Florrie", a common diminutive form of "Florence". He transferred to Kyre College, a private boys' school, in 1908. In 1911 he entered St Peter's College, Adelaide where he excelled in chemistry, physics, mathematics and history. He played various sports for the school: cricket, Australian football, tennis, and track and field athletics as a sprinter and high jumper. The cost of his education was covered by four scholarships. He served in the Senior Cadets, in which he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in August 1916. After the First World War broke out in 1914, he wished to enlist, but parental permission was required and was not forthcoming. He was head boy in his final year at school, and was ranked twelfth in the state in his final examinations.Rather than become a business man like his father, Florey elected to follow in the footsteps of his sister, who studied medicine. He entered the University of Adelaide in March 1917, his fees paid entirely by a state scholarship. This was fortunate; his father died from a heart attack on 15 September 1918, and his shoe company was found to be insolvent and went into liquidation. Coreega and other properties had to be sold, and in 1920 the family moved into a bungalow in Glen Osmond. Florey participated in university athletics and tennis. He was an editor of the Medical Students' Society's Review and theAdelaide University Magazine. It was through the latter that he met Mary Ethel Hayter Reed, a fellow medical student, when he asked her to contribute an article on Women in Medicine.<br /><br /><br />== Rhodes scholar ==<br />Florey decided to pursue medical research, a speciality that required study overseas. In August 1920, he applied for a Rhodes Scholarship to pursue his studies at the University of Oxford in England. His selection as the successful candidate for South Australia was announced on 8 December. This was a great honour, and came with a stipend of £300 (equivalent to $21,000 in 2018) The Rhodes Committee wanted him to commence in October, the start of the academic year at Oxford. This meant either deferring either his scholarship for a year or his final qualifying examinations for his medical degrees until he returned. Florey insisted that he would do neither; he would take his examinations and start at Oxford at the commencement of the Hilary term in January 1922. With the aid of the Governor of South Australia, Sir Archibald Weigall, Florey won the argument. He passed his examinations with second-class honours, and he was awarded his Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery degree in absentia in December 1921. During the summer break he went to Broken Hill Hospital, where he worked as a clinical assistant.On 11 December 1921, Florey embarked for England from Port Adelaide on the SS Otira, an ocean liner of the Shaw, Savill & Albion Line, travelling for free as the ship's surgeon. The ship reached Hull on 24 January 1922, and Florey took a train to London, where his sister Anne met him at Kings Cross Station. Two days later he left for Oxford, where he met with the Secretary of the Rhodes Trust, Francis James Wylie. He had to chose a college, and chose at Magdalen College, Oxford, where his high school headmaster, A. G. Girdlestone, had gone. He enrolled in the honour school of physiology, which he studied under the tutelage of Sir Charles Scott Sherrington. During the summer breaks he visited France, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Czechoslovakia and Austria. He became a demonstrator in the physiology department, and he applied for a fellowship in physiology at Merton College, but was passed over in favour of Gavin de Beer. He was awarded the degrees of Bachelor of Arts in 1924. At Sherrington's instigation, he studied the cerebral cortex of cats. A paper was published in Brain in March 1925. His thesis on "The capillary circulation together with associated observations made in connexion with this investigation" was later examined by John Scott Haldane and John Gillies Priestley on 2 May 1925, and he was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree.Florey was elected to a John Lucas Walker Studentship at the University of Cambridge for the 1924-1925 academic year. This came with a stipend of £300 plus £200 for equipment. Before taking up this new position, he participated in the 1924 Oxford University Arctic Expedition as the medical officer. In July 1925, won a fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation to study in the United States. He sailed for New York on the RMS Caronia on 19 September 1925, intending to study under Robert Chambers at Cornell University Medical College, but the micromanipulator he required for his research on the blood vessels of the brain was not available, so he arranged to work at the laboratory of Alfred Newton Richards at the University of Pennsylvania. He finally joined Chambers in March 1926. He hoped to be able to return to the UK via Australia and marry Ethel Reed in Adelaide, but in November 1925 he accepted an offer of a research position at London Hospital. The position came with five years' tenure and a salary of £850 per annum (equivalent to £52,000 in 2021), but they wanted him to start immediately. Florey managed to negotiate a delay, but only until May 1926. He returned to the UK on 13 May. Ethel joined him there in September, and they were married at Holy Trinity, Paddington, on 19 October.<br /><br /><br />== Early career ==<br /><br /><br />=== London Hospital ===<br />Florey was unhappy at London Hospital. He disliked the long daily commute from Chobham that put his experimental work at the mercy of the railway timetable. In the summer Howard and Ethel lived in a flat in Belsize Park so he could devote more time to his work. He wrote up the results of the research he had done in New York on lacteals and lymphatic capillaries, which was published in the The Journal of Physiology in 1927. He then embarked on writing a thesis for a fellowship at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he became an unofficial fellow in 1926. His thesis on "Physiology and pathology of the circulation of the blood and lymph". The thesis was awarded in 1927. He also continued his work on the secretion of mucus. London Hospital's facilities for the laboratory animals he needed for his research were unsatisfactory, so these experiments were carried out at Oxford and Cambridge. However, he was able to study the lacteals in patients undergoing abdominal surgery.<br /><br /><br />=== University of Cambridge ===<br />The sudden death of Thomas Strangeways on 23 December 1926 created a vacancy in the Huddersfield Lectureship in Special Pathology at Cambridge, and it was offered to Florey. At Cambridge, Florey had a secure appointment and fine laboratory facilities, although the salary of (equivalent to £61,000 in 2021) was only a little higher. He had to teach, which he disliked, preferring research, but there was satisfaction in that new tripos course was of largely design by himself and Alan Nigel Drury. He recruited fourteen-year-old Jim Kent as his assistant. It was the practice at Cambridge that laboratory technicians would rotate through the various laboratory departments, which provided them with thorough training, but was frustrating to the researcher, who had to break in a new assistant every few months. Finding a good one was difficult for Florey; his reputation for hard work, long hours and exacting standards preceded him. He arranged for Kent to be permanently assigned as his assistant, and Kent would remain in the role for the next forty years.The Floreys bought a house in Cambridge, and Florey cycled to work every day, including Sundays, arriving at 10:00, except on class days when he had to be there earlier. Ethel collaborated on two papers, co-written with Drury and Albert Szent-Györgyi respectively, but stopped coming to the laboratory after she became pregnant. Nonetheless, during the summer break in 1929 she accompanied Florey to Spain, where Sherrington had arranged for him to study methods of nerve staining under Santiago Ramón y Cajal. They decided to commemorate this trip by naming their daughter, who was born on 26 September 1929, Paquita Mary Joanna. Two years later they spent the summer with Pol Bouin at the University of Strasbourg, where he studied mucinogen, the chemical precursor to mucin.<br /><br /><br />=== University of Sheffield ===<br />There was little prospect for promotion at Cambridge; Florey hoped that a chair of experimental medicine would be created, but he was wise not to wait, for this did not occur until 1945. He collaborated with biochemist Marjory Stephenson on his lysozyme project but she did not have enough time to spare for a researcher in another department, and their results were not published. He yearned to have an interdisciplinary team and funds for work other than his own. After the sudden death of James Sholto Cameron Douglas on 30 October 1931 created a vacancy in the Joseph Hunter chair of pathology at the University of Sheffield, Florey decided to apply.That Florey was not a pathologist was not overlooked, but the faculty board decided to take a chance of Florey, and he was appointed on 9 December. He took up the appointment in March 1932. The Floreys moved for the fourth time in five years, this time to a Victorian manor on 1 acre (0.40 ha) of ground about 1 mile (1.6 km) from the university, which later become student accommodation with the name "Florey Lodge". The chair came with a salary of £1,000 (equivalent to £67,000 in 2021) per annum, but there was no provision for an assistant. He took Kent with him anyway, eventually securing 50 shillings a week (equivalent to £0 in 2021) for him from the Medical Research Council. The medical school was small, with only about fourteen students each year, but Florey still had to teach. <br /><br /><br />== Discovery of Penicillin ==<br /><br />After Cambridge, Florey was appointed to the Joseph Hunter Chair of Pathology at the University of Sheffield in 1932. He received a Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin) in 1935. In 1935, he returned to Oxford, as Professor of Pathology and Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, leading a team of researchers. Working with Ernst Boris Chain, Norman Heatley and Edward Abraham, he read Alexander Fleming's paper discussing the antibacterial effects of Penicillium notatum mould.In 1941, he and Chain treated their first patient, Albert Alexander, who had had a small sore at the corner of his mouth, which then spread, leading to a severe facial infection involving streptococci and staphylococci. His whole face, eyes and scalp were swollen to the extent that he had had an eye removed to relieve the pain. Within a day of being given penicillin, he started to recover. However, the researchers did not have enough penicillin to help him to a full recovery, and he relapsed and died. Because of this experience and the difficulty in producing penicillin, the researchers changed their focus to children, who could be treated with smaller quantities of penicillin.<br />Florey's research team investigated the large-scale production of the mould and efficient extraction of the active ingredient, succeeding to the point where, by 1945, penicillin production was an industrial process for the Allies in World War II. However, Florey said that the project was originally driven by scientific interests, and that the medicinal discovery was a bonus:<br />People sometimes think that I and the others worked on penicillin because we were interested in suffering humanity. I don't think it ever crossed our minds about suffering humanity. This was an interesting scientific exercise, and because it was of some use in medicine is very gratifying, but this was not the reason that we started working on it.<br />Developing penicillin was a team effort, as these things tend to be.<br />Florey shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Ernst Boris Chain and Alexander Fleming. Fleming first observed the antibiotic properties of the mould that makes penicillin, but it was Chain and Florey who developed it into a useful treatment.In 1958, Florey opened the John Curtin School of Medical Research at ANU in Canberra. In 1965, the Queen made him Lord Florey and he was offered, and accepted, the role of Chancellor of the Australian National University.<br /><br /><br />== Honours and awards ==<br /><br />On 18 July 1944 Florey was appointed a Knight Bachelor. In 1947, he won the Gold Medal of the Royal Society of Medicine.<br />Florey was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh and the Lister Medal in 1945, for his contributions to surgical science. The corresponding Lister Oration, given at the Royal College of Surgeons of England later that year, was titled "Use of Micro-organisms for Therapeutic Purposes". In 1946, the University of Sao Paulo awarded him an honorary doctorate.<br /><br />Florey was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1941 and became president on 30 November 1960. In 1962, Florey became Provost of The Queen's College, Oxford. During his term as Provost, the college built a new residential block, named the Florey Building in his honour. The building was designed by the British architect Sir James Stirling.<br />Florey was elected to both the United States National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society in 1963. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences the following year.On 4 February 1965, Sir Howard was created a life peer and became Baron Florey, of Adelaide in the State of South Australia and Commonwealth of Australia and of Marston in the City of Oxford. This was a higher honour than the knighthood awarded to penicillin's discoverer, Sir Alexander Fleming, and it recognised the monumental work Florey had done in making penicillin available in sufficient quantities to save millions of lives in the war, despite Fleming's doubts that this was feasible. On 15 July 1965 Florey was appointed a member of the Order of Merit.Florey was Chancellor of the Australian National University from 1965 until his death in 1968. The lecture theatre at the John Curtin School of Medical Research was named for him during his tenure at the ANU.<br /><br /><br />== Posthumous honours and legacy ==<br /><br />Florey's portrait appeared on the Australian $50 note for 22 years (1973–95), and the suburb of Florey in the Australian Capital Territory is named after him. The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, located at the University of Melbourne, Victoria, and a lecture theatre in the University of Adelaide's medical school are also named after him. The defunct Australian Student Prize, given to outstanding high-school leavers, was previously called the "Lord Florey Student Prize" in recognition of Florey.The Florey Unit of the Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading, Berkshire, is named after him.The Florey Institute for Host–Pathogen Interactions at the University of Sheffield is named in his honour.The Florey Science Centre at St Peter's College, Adelaide, is named after him, as he attended the college. It was opened post 1950. The building facilitates science classes for students from Year 7 to Year 12. On the lowest floor's concourse there is a commemorative statue and plaque.<br /><br /><br />== Personal life ==<br /><br />They had two children: Paquita Mary Joanna and Charles du Vé. After the death of his wife Ethel, he married in 1967 his long-time colleague and research assistant Margaret Jennings (1904–1994). He died of a congestive heart failure in 1968 and was honoured with a memorial service at Westminster Abbey, London.<br />Florey was an agnostic.<br /><br /><br />== In film ==<br />Penicillin: The Magic Bullet is a 2006 Australian film production written by Gordon Glenn and financed by the Film Finance Corporation and Arcimedia Productions in association with Film Victoria. Breaking The Mould is a 2009 historical drama that tells the story of the development of penicillin in the 1930s and '40s, by the group of scientists at Oxford headed by Florey at the Dunn School of Pathology. The film stars Dominic West as Florey, Denis Lawson, and Oliver Dimsdale; and was written by Kate Brooke and directed by Peter Hoar.<br /><br /><br />== Notes ==<br /><br /><br />== References ==<br />Abraham, E. P. (1971). "Howard Walter Florey. Baron Florey of Adelaide and Marston 1898-1968". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 17: 255–302. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1971.0011. ISSN 0080-4606. PMID 11615426. S2CID 29766722.<br />Lax, Eric (2015). The Mold in Dr. Florey's Coat: The Story of the Penicillin Miracle. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-62779-644-6. OCLC 910881004.<br />Macfarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.<br />Mason, Brett (2022). Wizards of Oz: How Oliphant and Florey Helped Win the War and Shape the Modern World. Kensington, New South Wales: NewSouth Books. ISBN 978-1-74223-745-9. OCLC 1334109106.<br />Todman, Donald (2008). "Howard Florey and research on the cerebral circulation". Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 15 (6): 613–616. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2007.04.017. ISSN 0967-5868. PMID 18280740. S2CID 40353145.<br />Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.<br /><br /><br />== Further reading ==<br />Joklik, W. K. (March 1996). "The Story of Penicillin: The View from Oxford in the Early 1950s". The FASEB Journal. 10 (4): 525–528. doi:10.1096/fasebj.10.4.8647352. ISSN 0892-6638.<br />Woodward, Billy (2009). "Howard Florey-Over 6 million Lives Saved". Scientists Greater Than Einstein: The Biggest Lifesavers of the Twentieth Century. Fresno, California: Quill Driver Books. ISBN 978-1-884956-87-4. OCLC 697068657.<br />York, Barry (September 2001). "Howard Florey and the development of penicillin". National Library of Australia News. XI (12): 18–20. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012.<br /><br /><br />== External links ==<br />Sir Howard Florey on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1945 Penicillin<br />Oral History: Sir Howard Florey Interviewed by Hazel de Berg in 1967.
Nombre alternativo: Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey Sir Howard Florey Howard Florey, Baron Florey Baron Florey Lord Howard Florey Howard Walter Florey Florey, Sir Howard Walter, Baron Sir Howard Walter, Baron Florey Howard Florey Lord Florey H. W. Florey Sir Howard Walter Florey
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